What's the effects of obesity (debating) Research Paper

What's the effects of obesity (debating) - Research Paper Example The effects of obesity are not limited to the affected persons but affect the entire country as a whole. On an individual level, obesity has several health implications. First, Diabetes has been found to contribute to the occurrence of diabetes Mellitus. It is argued that since obesity affects the distribution of body fat, this has an effect on the metabolism of glucose. This leads to the body developing a resistance towards obesity. Secondly, obesity has been observed to cause cardiovascular problems. With the increase in body fat and tissue, the oxygen demands of the body increase. This leads to high cardiac output which in turn leads to changes in the structure of the heart to cope with the increase demand. This causes a sharp increase in blood pressure. In addition, congestive heart failure (CHF) is also caused by obesity (National Institutes of Health, 16). Thirdly, persons suffering from obesity have been observed to have sleep-breathing difficulties. It is argued that the incr ease in the amount of fat on the chest wall as well as the abdomen has a great impact on the functioning of the chest and diaphragm, thereby affecting the mechanisms of breathing. Fifth, a number of studies have shown that there is a strong link between obesity and colon and breast cancers. Diabetes has been found to cause colon cancer in men but less in women while at the causing breast cancer in women. Finally, on an economic scale, obesity has been found to have great economic effects. Specifically, the costs associated with treating diabetes and resulting complications are very high. For example, according to the National Institutes of Health (1995), the direct and indirect medical costs associated with obesity in America in 1995 were estimated to be $99.2 billion and $47.6 billion respectively. In addition, the costs associated with loss of productive

Causes and Effects of Teenage Smoking

Causes and Effects of Teenage Smoking INTRODUCTION We are all aware that teen smoking is becoming one of the most leading and real issue faced by many countries especially in the Philippines. For others, smoking is a kind of offense or a crime. But for the teens, this is just some sort of relaxation. Teens who start smoking as their habit can contribute their self in the increasing numbers of adult smokers in the future because young people are especially vulnerable to the pressure to start smoking. There are many reasons why young people smoke: lack of information about smoking; social pressure; peer pressure and many reasons to be discussed why youth choose to start smoking at their early ages. Smoking is found to be one of the causes of damage to nearly every organ system in the body. (The Effect of Smoking on Human Health, 2008). It is a major cause of heart attack and stroke. Smoking is a kind of addiction especially for teens where this habit is hard to break but it is their responsibility whether they will choose to continue o r to stop smoking. Although you may not think about the risks every time you smoke, smoking is not only dangerous; it is life-threatening. Teens must know what side effects smoking can bring to us. Thesis Statement Teen smoking is a hazard to life and it has become very common. Teen smokers and even the non smoker must realize the effects of smoking, the reasons why teenagers smoke and how well do we understand smoking. II. EFFECTS OF SMOKING This is what smoking affects your body. There’s no safe way to smoke, replacing your cigarette with cigar or pipe won’t help. Smoking affects you in many ways.( American Academy of Pediatrics,2010) Carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke takes oxygen from your body while many cancer-causing chemicals go in. Your teeth and nails turn yellow and disgusting and your breath stinks. You cannot taste or smell things very well. Nicotine, the main drug in tobacco, causes your heart to beat faster and work less effectively. Nicotine is highly addictive. Short-term and Long term Effects of Smoking Short-term effects of smoking includes: coughs, colds, bronchitis, pneumonia, and more frequent respiratory illnesses. Teens who exposed to second hand smoke has the possibility to have asthma, infections on the lower respiratory, rates of ear and eye infection are higher .This is why smokers often suffer shortness of breath and worrying coughs. They often tire quickly during physical activity. Long term effects of smoking includes cancer of the lungs and other part of the body and if smokers have wounds, it will not recover quickly compared to non-smokers and it also affect the immune system which help us to protect form different diseases. Can smoking affect our vision? Smoking is not only bad for our body it is also bad for our eyes because smoking can lead to different eye infections. Smoking is linked to increase the hazard of having eye blindness and people who smoke have double the risk of developing cataracts compared with non-smokers. The effects of cigarette smoking like heart disease, cancer, are very familiar but many of us don’t know that sight threatening vision and eye problems also exist. Quitting smoking is an effective way to lessen the different possible eye diseases you may occur. How Cigarettes cause cancer? The different substances in cigarettes can lead to many problems and especially can lead you to your death. When you inhale smoke, these chemicals enter your lungs and spread around the rest of your body. Smoking causes lung cancer. Lung cancer has one of the lowest survival rates of all cancers, and is the most common cause of cancer death. The good news is that, this health problem is preventable, by giving up smoking quickly. Smoking can also increase the risk of other cancers including cancers of thelarynx, esophagus, mouth, stomach, sinus and many more. Some of these cancers may lead to leukemia which will cause to death. It is also possible that smoking could increase the risk of breast cancer both in men and women, but whatever cancer you will have because of smoking, there’s still a chance or way to stop the risk of cancer in your body by giving up smoking, it’s the only way on how you can prevent of having cancers. How smokings affect our throat? Throat is also affected if you smoke. Heart disease, respiratory failure, lung cancer and throat cancer are equally dangerous. By exposing the larynx to the chemicals during inhalation will increase the risk of having throat cancer. Larynx is where the vocal cord is located which plays an important role in breathing, eating and speaking. Hoarseness of voice as well as difficulty in speaking, breathing and eating is an early symptom of throat cancer but you can immediately cure this if you stop cigarette smoking. Do all teenagers know the effects of smoking? Maybe they know or not or they just neglect it. Other teenagers are not educated well like the teens that came from a poor family or unable to go to school. They just know that if they smoke too much that is the time that will affect its body but they don’t know that every piece of cigarettes they smoke have the chemicals that affect its body and brain. These chemicals can cause immediate damage to the human body. Smoking is awful Teens who smoke are three times more likely than non smokers to use alcohol. Most teens would rather choose to have friends who do not smoke. You may not feel or smell smoke on you, but people who are with you can smell it. Kissing someone who smokes is like kissing an ashtray If you smoke, chances are people don’t want to be around you REASON WHY TEENS START SMOKING As we all known, smoking is perilous to our health. Smoking can cause cancers of the lungs, larynx, kidneys as well as death. Many teen smokers knows what’s the effect of smoking but why they keep smoking? There are several reasons why teens continue smoking in spite of imminence to their health. The main reason of teen smoking is the Peer Influence. They smoke because their friends do as it give them a sense of belonging, many adult smokers start smoking in their teenage days. Friends are with you whether you are in ups or down of your life. But, we must know who to friends too. Because friends can make our life happier but sometimes they become a bad influence to your lifestyle. Some teens can’t just say no to their friends. As a teenager we must learn how to say no to prevent scuffle of priorities and sometimes to prevent bad habits. Family Problems is another reason, not all teenagers came from a happy or stable family. Some teenagers are abused by their parents or parents who are separated or it’s either the both of them who has the problem that cause its broken family. Because of the problems at Home, teenagers may start smoking as a sign of resentment. They want to show to their parents that they are rebelling because of them, so they start smoking. Parents can influence their child to start smoking. in the way that their child see them smokes. Their child or teens may think that smoking is a good habit or a sign of being mature because their parents do. Parents should teach their child good habits but as their child see their bad habits; it is possible for the parents to have their child with a bad habit too. Boredom and Image. Boredom might be the reason why teenagers will start smoke because not all teenagers are involved on any sports or any organizations in their schools. That’s why they get bored at home and nothing else to do but to watch television, taking care of their siblings or go online and playing computer games. Because of this everyday’s piece of work they decided to do something new that will excites them. Smoking seems to be the answer. Because some teens think that if they smoke they will appear cool for others. They believe that it improves their self-image because nowadays to have a cool self image to others is important for many teenagers. And lastly, Stress. Stress is said to be one of the reasons why teens start smoking, it only means that teens think smoking can release stress and can relieved their weariness. That’s why the more teens feel stressed the longer they will smoke. Compared to non-smokers, smokers have higher levels of stress in life. Therefore, it is necessary to quit smoking to avoid some health issues that can arise from stress and fret. UNDERSTANDING SMOKING What I would like to do in this article is help us, as a teenager, to understand why so many teenagers start smoking. If we understand why teenagers start smoking, chances are we will not smoke. This research will provide us enough information that will enable teen smokers to discourage in using cigarette. Also, the result of this study will educate readers and enlighten the information about the negative effects of smoking to our health. According to Ginzel, M.D.(2003), each time you take a puff on a cigarette, you inhale 400 toxic chemicals like Nicotine (A drop of pure nicotine can kill.) Cyanide (a deadly poison) Benzene (used in making paints, dyes, and plastics) Formaldehyde (used to preserve dead bodies) Acetylene (fuel used in torches) and Ammonia (used in fertilizers) People around smokers (Second hand smoke) Second hand smokes is define as the smoke breathe out by a smoker, which inhale by a non smoker. Even if you don’t smoke, second hand smoke can also affect a non smoker health just by inhaling this kind of smoke. Smokers can implicate non smoker’s health just by being around them. Furthermore, the more you are around smoker the higher instance of having smoking-related disease. Second hand smoke affects the health as you inhale them, it means this smoke doesn’t just impact e teenager’s life in the near future in fact; it can affect the health right now. For example, a healthy child having his/her singing career who inhales second hand smoke could have nagging coughs and colds as nuisance for him/her. There are many reasons of smoking but effects of smoking to humans are the same which is to damage every organ in the body. Third Hand Smoke You may not see nor feel it, but smoke clings to hair, walls, beddings, carpets, dust, hair, skin, and furniture which is called third hand smoke. Even if you do not smoke, third hand smoke is also dangerous because it could be responsible for many health problems, including asthma attacks and allergic reactions. Third hand smoke cant be eliminated just by opening windows, using fans or air conditioners, removing dampness from rooms or constraining smoking to only certain areas of a home. The only way to protect non smokers from third hand smoke is to create a smoke-free environment or smoke in public places where people are far away from you. Population of Teen Smokers Teen smoking cigarettes a hazard to life have become very common. The number of teen smokers is getting larger and larger every day just because smoking becomes a growing trend in the youth community. Smoking has many short term or long term effects on its users. Many adult smokers start while they are still teens and still continue and decided not to stop it. Smoking is a very addictive habit especially for the teens, there’s no other way to prevent these harmful effects but to stop cigarette smoking. Teen Smoking -some facts Cigarette smoking is one of the biggest public health threats the world has ever faced. (World Health Organization, 2014) Teen smokers are more likely to have panic attacks, anxiety disorders and depression. 1 of 5 teenagers who are addicted to cigarettes smokes 13-15 a day. 90 percent of smokers began before the age 21. Smoking can age skin faster, second only to the effect sun exposure has on giving premature wrinkles On average, smokers die 13 to 14 years earlier than non smokers. Benefits of quitting smoking for teenagers Quitting smoking can be a very big help to your lifestyle and especially to your health. As a teenager you still have a time to quit smoking, for you to gain your healthy lifestyle again. The sooner you quit smoking, the more you have the confidence that the risk of getting cancer will be lessened or if you have some serious diseases it is possible that it will heal faster because of quitting smoking. You are no longer prone to smoking- related disease if you stop smoking and if this happen you will enjoy your life without worrying and you will have more time for your loved ones. Maybe 2 in 3 teen smokers want to stop smoking because of the problems they have right now. Some people can’t give up easily; the most important aspect on giving up smoking is determination. At the end, you’re the only one who will decide whether you will stop smoking or not because it is your own body who will experience different illnesses. For teen smokers, it is important to remember some things that will help them hamper their bad habits. Maintaining to have a good health of your family, friends and loved ones are the best motivator for you to quit smoking. Here are some health benefits when you quit smoking: It will helps you breathe easier Quitting smoking will make your lifespan longer Ex-smokers is possible to have wither teeth Sense of smell and taste will improve if you stop smoking Stop smoking for younger and healthy skin Stop smoking to have more energy for your work, sports, friends and other activities. Quitting smoking to protect your loved ones from third hand and second hand smoke Conclusion Teen smoking is a hazard to life and it has become very common. Smoking can affect not only a smoker’s health even the non-smoker around him/her. Non smoker are suffering from different illnesses like nose and eye infections, coughs, colds and headaches. It is because of second hand smoke they inhale, even if teen smokers think that smoking can relieved stress and perceived that it helps them to relax, they don’t know that many chemicals from cigarettes are coming inside to their body, there are many negative effects of smoking which can cause damage to your health and it is not only a health threat for the smokers, but for the non smoker too. Smoking distracts many people and it’s because of their unhealthy habits. Smokers should quit, stopping the increasing numbers of smoker and for us to have a healthy environment. References Unknown. (2014). Youth Smoking. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_smoking Unknown. (2014). Health Effects of Tobacco. Retrieved from From http://www.tobaccofreemaine.org/channels/parents/learn_more_about_health_effects.php Anonymous. (2010). Tobacco Smoking. Retrieved from http://eschooltoday.com/drug-abuse-and-teens/teens-and-tobacco-smoking.html Anonymous. (2010). Tean Smoking. Retrieved from http://www.newportacademy.com/health-and-well-being/teen-smoking/ Unknown. (2014) Effects of Smoking Retrieved from http://www.champixonlineuk.com/effects-of-smoking.html Hyde, M. O., Setaro, J. F. (2006). Smoking 101: An overview for Teen. New York, NY: Twenty-First Century Books McMillan, D. (1998). Teen Smoking: Understanding the Risk. San Francisco, CA: Enslow Moe, B. A. (2000). Teen Smoking and Tobacco Use: A Hot Issue. Pennyslavania, PA: Enslow Slovic, P. (2001). Smoking risk, perception, and policy. New York, NY: SAGE Publications Torr, J. D. (2001) Smoking. New York, NY: Greenhaven Press

USA Vs. Russia: Missile Defense :: essays research papers

National Missile Defense: USA Vs. Russia For the past several years, George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, and most congressional Republicans have wanted to set up a national missile defense system, designed to defend the United States against a small number of long-range missiles. The Clinton administration maintained that there was no current or potential missile threat to the United States that would justify the deployment of such a defense. At the same time the administration has pursued its "3+3" plan to spend three years developing a national missile defense -- by 2000 -- that could then be deployed in another three years -- by 2003, if a decision were made to deploy. George W. Bush, upon being elected, has given 6 months notice that the US is going to back out of the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty signed in 1972 (which clearly states that we cannot build a national missile defense), in order to establish our national missile defense system. The reason simply being the fear of attacks from countries with long range missiles as well as other nuclear weapons. Countries such as China, North Korea, and Iraq. Russia, among other countries, were angered by the US's decision to back out of the treaty, therefore adding to the conflict. Most people are not clear on what exactly the missile defense system is, or what it does. Basically it's, as Bush puts it, a system for intercepting other countries nuclear missiles aimed for us with a dummy non-explosive missile of our own. For example, if North Korea invaded South Korea and the US threatened to intervene, North Korea could threaten us back with a nuclear missile aimed for New York, Los Angeles, or any major city or landmark in our country. Bush would be willing to take the risk of the missile defense system intercepting the enemy missile, even though more than half the tests of the system have not worked correctly. Russia's view on the United State's construction of a missile defense system is naturally not a positive one. Peter Kilfoyle, a loudmouth critic of Russia's defense policies has been a persistent thorn in the side of the government on defense issues. He criticised the "unilateralism" of the US administration in pressing ahead with the missile defence plan, warning that the Russians had been left feeling "peeved and let down", while the Chinese were about to quadruple their stock of intercontinental ballistic missiles.

Advanced Microeconomics Essay

Question 1: Consumer Theory 1.1: In both the Marshallian and Hicksian consumer optimisation problems, it is assumed that consumers are supposed to be rational. The main focus of these problems are cost minimisation and utility maximisation, which play a huge part in consumer demand, but in real life, these are not the only problems that are considered. Also, it is assumed that every consumer’s indifference curve for two goods would be the same – they are very generalised models, and do not take into account other factors. For example, not many consumers would spend their entire budget on said goods – one thing to consider would be a consumer’s marginal propensity to consume and save. Though both of the problems provide a framework and model of consumer decisions, they are not plausible when applying them to real-life terms, because we have imperfect knowledge. 1.2: The expression given in the question, is the rearranged derivative of the Hicksian demand being equal to the Marshallian demand, when income from the budget constraint is equal to minimised expenditure, whereby m=ep, ÃŽ ¼. This is given by: dDdp= dHdp- dDdm . dedp using m = e. Shephard’s Lemma provides us an alternative way of deriving Hicksian demand functions, using e. It is given by: dedp= x* It is important to note that e is strictly increasing in p, due to Shephard’s Lemma, and x* >0,by assumption. Substituting this into the above expression gives: dDdp= dHdp- dDdm x*  This expression now represents a complete law of demand, as it has combined both Marshallian and Hicksian demand, whereby income from the budget constraint of Marshallian demand, is equal to minimised expenditure of Hicksian demand. Therefore, it has maximised utility and minimised cost simultaneously, to create an optimal quantity of demand in x*. The first term, dDdp, means that Marshallian demand (maximising utility) increases, relative to the price of the good. dHdp represents the Hicksian part of the expression, whereby expenditure is minimised, relative to the price of the good. Question 3: Adverse Selection, Moral Hazard and Insurance 3.1: Insurance markets are needed when risk is present. Risk occurs when there is uncertainty about the state of the world. For example, car drivers do not know if they will crash their car in future, and suffer a loss of wealth – so they would purchase insurance to eliminate this risk of loss, and protect them if they were to ever crash their car. Agents (buyers of insurance) will use insurance markets to transfer their income between different states of the world. This allows insurance markets to trade risk between high-risk and low-risk agents/states. These can be described as Pareto movements. A Pareto improvement is the allocation, or reallocation of resources to make one individual better off, without making another individual worse off. Another term for this is multi-criteria optimisation, where variables and parameters are manipulated to result in an optimal situation, where no further improvements can be made. When the situation occurs that no more improvements can be made , it is Pareto efficient. A condition for efficiency is the least risk-averse agent bears all the risk in an insurance market. If a risk-averse agent bears risk, they would be willing to pay to remove it. A risk-averse agent has a diminishing marginal utility of income; whereby his marginal utility is different across states, if his income is different across states. The agent would give up income in high-income states, in which his marginal utility is low, to have more income in low-income states (e.g. bad state of the world causing a loss of wealth), where his marginal utility would be high. If the insurance market is risk neutral, they will sell insurance to the customer, as long as the payment received is higher than the expected value of pay-outs that the insurer is contracted to give to the customer in different states of the world. Whenever the agent bears some risk, unexploited gains from trade exist. Absence of unexploited gains from trade is a requirement in an efficient insurance market, therefore the situation must arise, whereby the agent’s income is equalised across the states of the world. A risk neutral insurance company can charge a premium to equalise the agent’s income across states of the world, in the best interests of the risk-averse agent. Also, for an insurance market to be  efficient, a tangency condition is implied. The tangency of the indifference curves of a risk-averse agent, and a risk-neutral agent, is where efficiency occurs. At this point, one cannot be made better off, without the other being made worse off (Pareto efficiency). However, an insurance company will never be completely efficient in real life, as information asymmetry exists. The first type of information asymmetry to arise in an insurance market is moral hazard, whereby the actions that an agent may take after signing the contract cannot be observed. This gives the company a trade-off decision between giving full insurance or offering incentives for the agent. Full insurance is first-best in the absence of asymmetric information, when the insurance company is risk-neutral and the agent is risk-averse. However, if the agent is fully insured by the company, they have no reason to prevent a bad state of the world from happening. To solve this problem, the insurance company will not offer full insurance, in order to provide the agent with an incentive to avoid losses. The second type of information asymmetry to occur in an insurance market, is adverse selection. This is when the agent has private information about his risk type and characteristics, and agents in the market are heterogenous. As the insurer doesn’t know which agents are high-risk or low risk, the company will not offer different types of full insurance to match risk-types, as high-risk agents will prefer contracts that are designed for low-risk agents. To solve this, the insurer will offer low-risk agents less insurance – this ensures that high-risk types do not have the incentive to choose a contract for low-risk customers, as they will want more insurance, because they know they will need to claim more. This ensures that the insurance company maintains non-negative profit, as high-risk individuals cost more to insure. However, these solutions carry agency costs, because the result is less efficient than if symmetric information was present. I believe that risk neutrality of an insurance company is a sufficient condition for insurance to take place. Insurance companies are risk-neutral to maximise expected profits, therefore as the principal, will design contracts to achieve this, as well as making certain that the agent picks the desired effort (i.e to prevent a bad state of the world) for that contract, and to make sure that the agent even picks the  contract in the first place. Making sure incentives are compatible, and ensuring participation by the correct risk types, are constraints on maximising expected profits. If an insurance company was risk-averse, without the availability of symmetric information, they cannot differentiate between different risk-types, and therefore would not want to take on the risk of possible high-risk agents buying low-risk contracts. They would charge a higher premium to offset this, which would discourage low-risk customers to sign a contract with the company, as it would not be maximising their own utility. This would lead to a missing market, where trade would be prevented, because other risk-neutral companies would offer better contracts, and they would be able to steal all the low-risk customers. The magnitude of this would depend on the number of low- and high-risk people in the population. This leads me to believe that risk neutrality is also a necessary condition for insurance to take place. 3.2: An insurance company will sell a policy, c, r, if it makes non-negative profits, then:  Ã¢â€ â€™ r-pic ≠¥0,  where c = payout, pi = probability of the loss state, r = premium. Competition in the market drives profit down to zero, therefore r-pic = 0 in equilibrium. For the contract to be at equilibrium, it must satisfy two conditions: the break-even condition, whereby no contract makes negative profits; and absence of unexploited opportunities for profit, because if there was a contract outside of the offered set, with non-negative profit, would mean the offered set is not in equilibrium. If all agents are homogenous, if all agents face the same probability of loss, pi=p, insurance companies would know each buyer’s pi. The firm must maximise each agent’s utility subject to the firm breaking even. This would be at the point of tangency of the agent’s indifference curve and zero-profit constraint. This would be in equilibrium as another profit-making polic y could not be offered. Therefore, as they can observe agent’s risk types, they can offer different policies, to different types: ÃŽ ¸i= ri, ci. It follows that each is offered full and fair insurance. In real life, heterogeneity is usually the case. This is when pi varies with all individuals. Assuming that there are two types: high-risk types, H, and low-risk types, L, where the probability  of loss for H is higher than for L. Individuals know their own probability of loss i=H, L, but insurance companies are unable to observe this. In this case, there are two different kinds of equilibria that insurance companies could opt with: the candidate pooling equilibrium and the candidate separating equilibrium. The pooling equilibrium is where all risk types buy the same policy. In contrary, the separating equilibrium is based on each risk type buying a different policy. In the pooling equilibrium, if both H and L risk-types choose the same policy, the probability of loss is p and the probability of no l oss is 1- p. Therefore, the slope of the ‘aggregate fair-odds line is -1-pp. The pooling contract must lie on this line to be in equilibrium, to ensure the firm breaks even exactly. The contract must also ensure both types want to buy it – it must take both L and H to higher indifference curve than the indifference curve they would be on if they stayed uninsured. Agent L ends up below his fair odds line, and H above his, which means L pays more than expected costs, and H pays less – both pay the fair pooled premium, but H claims on the policy more. So if L prefers to buy the contract, so will H. This leads me to believe both L and H will be able to get full insurance, though it’s not completely fair, as the firm does not need H to choose a different policy to remain breaking even. However, this brings to mind the notion that if full insurance is offered, the agent will not have the incentive to prevent a loss state. Therefore, less insurance will probably be offered, and as both risk types are paying the same premium of the same policy, neither will receive full insurance, as it impossible to differentiate between the two – they will both choose the same policy offered. In the separating equilibrium, one contract would be offered to L, and another to H. Each risk type must prefer the contract designed for that type (i.e. the incentives must be compatible). The contracts offered should give each type the highest possible utility, subject to the firm breaking even. If full insurance contracts were offered to both L and H, where their respective indifference curves are tangent with their respective zero-profit constraints/fair-odds lines, low risk customers would prefer the policy designed for them, but high-risk customers would also prefer the same policy, not the policy designed for them. So they would not both be offered full insurance, as this gives rise to the problem of preventing H from imitating L – low-risk agents are cheaper to insure for the firm (claim less  often) so they get a better rate. Therefore, instead of offering L full insurance, they are offered C, which is still on their fair odds line, but on a lower indifference curve, still ensuring the zero-profit constraint. Now, if the high-risk agents were to choose between the policy designed for them, and C, they will choose the policy designed for them, because they prefer to have more insurance for less money. So, in conclusion, in the separating equilibrium, high-risk (H) customers receive full insurance, and low-risk (L) customers only receive partial insurance – they pay the price to prevent H from imitating them. L is worse off than if there was symmetric information in the market, but no difference to H.

Art Sarcophagus

Art is a symbol for ancient history, religion and people. The only thing that we have from our past ancestors is their art that they left behind. For example the Triumph of Dionysos and the Seasons Sarcophagus is a type of art the ancient Rome left for us by like around the 260 – 270 a. d. which was made by an anonymous roman artist that made it of marble. The Sarcophagus is a very well preserve piece of funerary art that is being preserve at the moment in the Metropolitan Museum for public display. Every detail about this art including the people and the animals are part of their life that they are used to draw then and for then that was a very big deal. The Season Sarcophagus is a well representation of the Roman funeral art. The marble that is was made off it is said that it comes from the eastern Mediterranean and then it was send to Rome where it was used to create the Triumph of Dionysos and the Seasons Sarcophagus. There were only a handful of people that were able to purchase this sarcophagus, which it was most likely for for someone with social standards maybe like one of the member of the aristocratic families that were very important on Rome. Also there maybe another sarcophagus that is very similar or almost same in the Hessisches Landesmuseum in Kassel, Germany that has almost the same structure or composition of the Dionysos in the sarcophagus but also the treatment and the way it was cut the figure is very different. There are not a lot of sarcophagus left from the ancient Rome have survive this those qualities, which is the reason why it is so valuable and interesting.

Nutrition and Children Essay Example

Nutrition and Children Essay Example Nutrition and Children Paper Nutrition and Children Paper Child obesity has spread like a wildfire throughout the last few decades, making nearly one in three children in America overweight. Who is at fault for the innocent children facing obesity? One may point her or her finger at fast food restaurants for being at fault for the innocent children facing obesity. However, another person may point their finger at the childs home believing that childhood obesity starts in the home of these young innocent children. In Daniel Weintraub’s article, â€Å"The Battle Against Fast Food Begins in the Home† he argues that the parents of the children are at fault for the increasing epidemic of child obesity in America. It is the parents responsibility to teach their children healthy eating and exercise habits at a young age in their home. Parents are at fault for their childrens unhealthy eating habits, lack of physical exercise and obesity. Healthy eating habits for young children have to start in their home. Children are greatly influenced by what their parents teach them at a young age in their home. The morals that parents teach their children are just as important as the eating habits they demonstrate to their children. Children feed off of their parents decisions, which influences the decisions they make in life today. It is the parents responsibility to demonstrate the wrongs and rights of eating healthily by getting rid of all junk food items and replacing them with nutritional food items instead. If parents dont demonstrate a healthy eating life style to their child starting at a young age, the child has a higher chance of having an unhealthy eating life style due to the parents lack of responsibility. The parents lack of responsibility is to blame for the increase of obese children in America. Starting in their home, parents need to teach and demonstrate the importance of healthy eating habits to their children at a young age. The lack of physical exercise greatly affects the increasing epidemic of child obesity in America. Some schools provide physical exercise and education to the young students, although not all students chose to participate. Weintraub states, â€Å" Statewide, the center said, 26 percent of schoolchildren are overweight. † (Weintraub, 7) Who is to blame for the children who chose not to participate in the physical exercise, and the 26 percent of obese schoolchildren? The parents. The childrens parents are responsible for teaching and demonstrating the importances of being physically active by participating in any physical activities or exercises. Parents can influence their children to participate in physical exercise by doing any regular outdoor physical activities such as biking or walking together as a family. Encouraging their children to eat healthily is just as important as encouraging their children to participate in physical exercise and activities. If parents fulfill their responsibility of encouraging their children to be physically active, then the children have less of a chance of being obese in their future. It is the parents responsibility to demonstrate the rights and wrongs of eating food and the importances of being physically active and fit. I am a victim of child obesity. When I was young from ages four to seven, I faced the epidemic of child obesity. Who is to blame for my child obesity? My parents are to blame because my unhealthy eating habits started in my home. They never took the responsibility of teaching and demonstrating the rights and wrongs of eating healthily. My parents always took the easier way out by buying me a fast food meal instead of cooking me a home made meal that was healthy and nutritional for me. My parents did not encourage me to eat healthy nor did they encourage me to be physically active. I was never taught the importances of being physically active. Instead, I was always lazy and played video games. I blame my parents for my lack of participation in physical activities such as sports. They never took the time to teach me the importances of healthy eating and exercising habits when I was a young innocent child. My child obesity could have been prevented if my parents demonstrated a healthy life-style. I blame my child obesity due to my parents I rresponsible choices and actions. Parents are at fault for their childrens unhealthy eating habits, lack of exercise and obesity. It is the parents who have to take initiative, responsibility and action for their childrens eating and exercising habits. It is more logical to blame the parents for the increasing epidemic of child obesity rather than blaming the fast food industry because it is a personal issue. If parents continue to blame others for their children gaining weight, then child obesity will continue to rise in America. Not only will the epidemic of child obesity rise, but so will the health cost for Americans. Parents need to step up by teaching their children how to live a healthy life style by eating healthily and being physically active. Child obesity depends on the parental guidance; for instance, the family home is an important place to learn about the proper nutrition and physical activity that is needed in living a healthy life-style.

Fiction Charles Dickens Hard Times Essay Example

Fiction Charles Dickens Hard Times Essay Example Fiction Charles Dickens Hard Times Essay Fiction Charles Dickens Hard Times Essay Essay Topic: Hard Times The Time Machine Home GCSE English English Literature Prose Fiction Charles Dickens Hard Times Page 1Zoom in Page 1 2 3 4 5 Next Level: GCSE Subject: English Word count: 3142 Save View my saved documents Submit similar document Share this Hard Times explore several issues from Dickenss point of view on Victorian Society, including education, marriage, industrialisation, the relationship between the middle class and the working class, and how Dickens uses different methods and techniqu Download this essay Print Save GCSE HARD TIMES An extract from this document Hard Times In the novel Hard Times, Dickens reveals the Victorian Society as apathetic, harsh and depressing. Both the environment and characters are shown to be dark, dull and drab. Dickens uses a variety of techniques to show these. I am going to explore several issues from Dickenss point of view on Victorian Society, including education, marriage, industrialisation, the relationship between the middle class and the working class, and how Dickens uses different methods and techniques to present all these. I will refer to chapters one, two, five, eleven and fifteen while discussing all these different aspects. In chapter 2, Murdering the Innocents, the title immediately tells us that someone is going to react in a certain attitude towards someone else. This is an effective way to start the chapter as it gives a hint to the reader about what will happen in the chapter. Dickens is basically trying to show us as the reader how boring and demanding life was at school in Victorian Society in this chapter. He uses phrases like Girl number twenty unable to define a horse! : And Bitzer, your definition of a horse to show how the pupils were being treated by Mr Gradgrind. Mr Gradgrind is described as dictatorial and square which means that he is a tyrannical person and he likes to order people to do things for him because he thinks he has more power than other people. A good example of this is when Mr Gradgrind talks to Sissy Jupe. He asks her for her name and when she replies, he immediately changes her name for her dont call yourself Sissy, call yourself Cecilia. This shows exactly how strict and harsh time was for the pupils. Dickens has chosen the characters very carefully in this novel like the name Mr Gradgrind it basically means he grinds on and on and on about things just like the way he teaches his students. He created this character because he is wanting us to react in a certain emotion and feeling. A good example of this is when Gradgrind talks to Louisa about the marriage proposal, You have been well trained, you are not impulsive, you are not romantic, you are accustomed to view everything from the strong dispassionate ground of reason and calculation. From that ground alone, I know you will view and consider what I am going to communicate. This tells us how Gradgrind brings up Louisa and how hard life is for her. He always tries to fill the pupils with facts waiting to be filled so full of facts and he also tries to take all their imagination and excitement away. When Bitzer explains the definition of a horse quadruped, graminivorous, forty teeth, namely twenty four grinders, four eye teeth and twelve incisive. Here Dickens is trying to show us how the students are being taught and trained by Mr Gradgrind. They are all brought up with facts, facts and facts and they eventually become not impulsive and with no imagination at all. Dickens totally hates the education policy in Victorian Society; he gives a few examples of showing this. In the first paragraph in chapter 1, Dickens shows straight away that life was a misery for the pupils now what I want is Facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but facts! Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing else and root out everything else. This is the principle of which I bring up my own children and this is the principle on which I bring up these children. This dialogue from Mr Gradgrind automatically shows that he doesnt like anything apart from facts and that he is trying to make all these pupils including his own children to follow his footsteps, Facts alone I wanted in life is what Mr Gradgrind believes and tells his students. Another point Dickens tries to tell us is that the pupils dont have their own freedom and individuality, they are known as different numbers instead of their name, girl number 20! This suggests to us that they are being trained and looked after like animals in a zoo. The setting Dickens has chosen in this chapter is in a very plain and dull classroom described as, plain, bare, monotonous vault of a school room This is not a good place for education as it is dull, ray of sunlight which, darting in at one of the bare windows of the intensely whitewashed room. Dickens uses all these different techniques to express his views on education. Dickens shows us that Mr Gandgrind is a bit selfish, demanding and aggressive. He only looks at one point and believes he is always right and other people are wrong, with a rule and a pair of scales, ready to weigh and measure any parcel of human nature and tell you exactly what it comes to. Dickens has used this phrase to describe Mr Gradgrind, and it is a very effective phrase because it creates an image in our heads of how demanding he is and how obsessed with facts he is. Mr Gradgrind thinks his way of educating is excellent but really, he is destroying all the students precious lives and his own children as well, he keeps them in a small private study room and never allows them to see the real world. An example of this is when Louisa and Tom goes and visits the circus, peeping at the circus. Dickens is trying to suggest that Louisa and Tom are sick of their lives and they really want to visit the outside world. They have no other friends at all apart from each other and they can not communicate with any other people outside their house or class, I am sick of my life, Loo. I hate it altogether and I hate everybody except you! This shows how dull and boring their lives were and how bad they were brought up by Mr Gradgrind. When Mr Gradgrind finds out that they were in the circus, he was very furious because he thought circuses were foolish things and wasnt anything to do with facts, Thomas and you to whom the circle of the science is open; Thomas and you, who may be said to be replete with facts; Thomas and you, who have been trained to mathematical exactness; Thomas and you here! In this degraded position! Yet, he is still talking about facts when he is telling them to go home! Dickens really puts a picture in the readers mind that Mr Gradgrind is totally obsessed with FACTS and he finds nothing else interesting or entertaining. Because of Gradgrinds obsession with facts, this has leaded on a huge effect on Louisa. When Louisa got older and older, she became more dispassionate. Even when a marriage proposal was being made, she act as though she didnt care about it and marriage was a huge commitment. Dickens shows an interesting point on marriage. He suggests to us that life was unfair for people who got married and wished to get divorced because there were strict laws to punish them and he also shows that marriage wasnt about real love in many cases. Dickens shows this by using phrases like, there is a law to punish me when Stephen Blackpool asks for advice about ending a marriage with Mr Bounderby because he is sick of his wife and he can not stand it anymore, I cannot beart nommore! Blackpool tries very hard to get divorced and he even pays his wife a lot of money to keep her away from him, I ha paid her to keep awa fra me but it never worked because she kept coming back and coming back. Dickens is trying to suggest that there is no love at all in their marriage and that Stephen Blackpool is really suffering from marriage. Another reason why Blackpool wants to get divorced is so that he could marry Rachel instead, he wishes to be free, to marry the female whom he speaks Dickens is showing us how much Stephen Blackpool loves Rachel here. After the conversation between Blackpool and Bounderby, Bounderby could not help him because Stephen needed a lot of money on order to get divorced and Bounderby wouldnt lend him the money. This chapter reveals that Mr Bounderby is a very law abiding citizen and that he wont go out of his way to help other people. Another interesting point that Dickens suggests about marriage is when Mr Gradgrind talks to Louisa about the marriage proposal. When she hears the news from Gradgrind, she had no emotion at all, she never said a word and without any visible emotion. This suggests that she doesnt care who she gets married to even to the person she hates the most, a good example of this is when Mr Bounderby kisses Louisa on the cheek (Chp 4) and when he left, she immediately rubbed her cheeks furiously, you may cut the piece out with your penknife and I wouldnt cry! In this marriage proposal situation, Dickens makes it look more like a contract in Gradgrinds mind rather than a real marriage because the proposal was offered directly to Gradgrind instead of Louisa herself. Dickens is suggesting that the marriage proposal wasnt really about love but more like a question and an answer, the question I have to ask myself is, shall I marry him? That is so, is it not? Dickens is basically showing that he doesnt agree with marriage at all in the Victorians Times because once people got married, they could not be allowed to get divorced regardless of happiness, family problems or even money etc Dickens doesnt agree with many aspects of Industrialisation at all. He uses many examples to show how Industrialisation affects both the people and the environment. He uses techniques like Imagery and Phonic Pattering to create an impression of the environment and Coketown itself. Firstly in Chapter 11, Dickens uses words like crashing, smashing and tearing of mechanism these words really tells the reader what the industry is like because it creates noises in the readers minds (noise of metals being cut into pieces and the machines roaring) Dickens also uses phrases like monstrous serpents of smoke and melancholy mad elephants doing their heavy exercises to create a picture of what the factories were like (full of pollution and tired workers working in blackened factories. He used these metaphors which were very effective to create an even better image, there wasnt really serpents in the sky but he used those words to make it seem as though there was. And when he uses the phrase, mad elephants, polished and oiled up for the days monotony, were at their heavy exercises again he basically is wanting to compare the elephants to the workers as though they were both at hard work and the same old boring routines everyday. Throughout the introduction of Chapter 11, Dickens has mentioned the word monotonous and it basically means extremely boring. He is trying to make the reader feel sorry for the workers because they have to work very hard and they are surrounded by pollution and also in an extremely dull environment. This shows how depressing lifes the working class had. Dickens also tries to make a point about human nature in this chapter because he makes the machine sound as though they were taking over the workers, there were more and more machines and factories being built which would produce a lot more pollution, in the waste yard outside, the steam from the escape pipe, the litter of barrels and old iron, the ashes everywhere. A way that Dickens uses to help him create the impact of Industrialisation is by describing Coketown itself. In chapter 5, he uses the phrase, it was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allow it. This suggests that Coketown was absolutely filled with smoke and that buildings were turning black because of it. This gives us a picture of a very dull town and a very polluted town. Another example Dickens uses to show the town was polluted is by saying, serpents of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever and never got uncoiled. This means that the smoke will never die out and it will last on forever polluting the town. The way Dickens describes Coketown makes it sound extremely tedious, boring and over-filled with waste and pollution. He uses the phrase, large streets all very like on another, small streets still like one another, people like one another, who all went in and out at the same hours, to do the same work everyday. This phrase is really effective because it describes the inhabitants of Coketown, all very similar and even the streets and their type of work are the same, this shows how boring lives were for people in the Victorian Times. Dickens shows us that he totally hates the impact of Industrialisation because all the natural things like trees and land were being replaced with factories and buildings. This was terrible because it produced a large amount of waste and pollution and it turned the whole town into a polluted and hard-working town, saw nothing in Coketown but what was severely workful. He is suggesting that the town is only to do with work and facts and nothing else. Dickens also describes the town as savage which means it is unclean and ferocious, black canal and a river that ran purple with ill smelling dye. This also shows how sickening the town was for people. Dickens uses all these different techniques and phrases to express his views on Industrialisation and it really gives a full picture of how the environment looked like and how dull and boring the workers lives were. Dickens also creates a circus in the novel to show that there was some hope for a bit of joy and entertainment for people and it wasnt just about work but this leads straight on to the different classes between people because in Chapter 2, when Sissy describes her fathers job, Mr Gradgrind (middle class) redefines his job straight away, describe your father as a horse breaker. This starts to show that Gradgrind doesnt like the working class people and he doesnt want anyone to mention anything about them at all, we dont want to know anything about that here Another point Dickens uses to suggest that Gradgrind doesnt like the working class is by saying he keeps his own children in a private study room where they get privately educated whereas the other students just get educated in one big hall. Gradgrind does this in order to keep his children away from the lower class students so they dont get influenced, he doesnt allow them to go anywhere at all so its really like a prison. This shows how much Gradgrind hates the working class people. Dickens shows us that Bounderby doesnt like the working class as well as Gradgrind. He uses a number of phrases to show this, firstly, when Bounderby, Gradgrind and Sissy were walking towards the circus, Sissy talks about what her father does in the circus and when she said they bruise themselves very badly, Bounderby immediately replies, serves them right for being idle. This means that Bounderby thinks the working class are useless and act like fools. Another phrase that Bounderby uses to show that he hates the working class is by saying, you see my friend, we are the kind of people who know the value of time and you are the kind of people who dont know the value of time. Bounderby is basically trying to say that he knows a lot more things that the working class and that he is always right and they are always wrong. It also shows that Bounderby thinks he is more important than them because he has more power. A good example of showing Bounderby as a selfish and bossy person is when he talks to Stephen Blackpool. Bounderby considers him to be in a different class to him and this is partly why Bounderby wouldnt lend him the money to get divorced and because of the fact that he is a bit selfish. All of Bounderbys workers follow what he says but Stephen on the other hand follows what he believes is right and this leads on to Stephen being sacked and thrown out of the group. This reveals that Bounderby likes to control people around and he doesnt like the people obeying his orders. A big difference between the working class and the middle class is the way they talk and treated, example, Stephen Blackpool in the working class doesnt speak properly because there are a lot of contractions in his speech, I ha gone t th brigg whereas Gradgrind and Bounderby in the middle class speak very clearly and understandable. Another example of this is when Bounderby talks to Mr Childers in the circus, the people in the circus all have funny names and strange words and Bounderby didnt understand any of it, nine oils, merrylegs, missing tips, garters, banners and ponging, eh He then takes a great and evil laugh at them because he thinks they are fools and they use words that means nothing to him, with his laugh of laughs, queer sort of company. He shows no respect to them at all and this is how Bounderby treats the working class. Dickens uses all these points to show that he is totally against the way the middle class treats the working class all just because they have less power and less wealth. Overall, Dickens reveals that Victorian Society was a very harsh, unfair and depressing society. He shows he absolutely hated the way the education system was set up because it almost destroyed the innocent lives of the students and all their excitement. Dickens also shows that he totally disagrees with the way the middle class treats the working class and he believes that the middle class were selfish and arrogant whereas the working class lived horrible and unfair lives. Dickens hated the entire industry in Victorian Times because it was filled with pollution and workers lives were downtrodden because they had to work in blackened factories and towns. Dickens also shows that he didnt like the laws of marriage because people were suffering from it and they couldnt get divorced because of the laws. Dickens hated all of these aspects and therefore he created the novel Hard Times to go against it all.

The History of the Drug Krokodil

The History of the Drug Krokodil Krokodil is the street name for desomorphine an opiate-like drug similar to and a substitute for heroin used by addicts. Krokodil or desomorphine began its history as a patented drug. US patent 1980972 was issued to chemist, Lyndon Frederick Small for a Morphine Derivative and Processes on November 13, 1934. The drug was briefly manufactured and marketed by the Swiss pharmaceutical company Roche under the brand name of Permonid but was abandoned as a commercial product for its short shelf life and highly addictive nature. In the early 2000s, the drug resurfaced in Russia as krokodil, a home-brewed heroin substitute that takes about thirty minutes to manufacture from codeine pills and other substances. The home brewing of this drug includes the inclusion of impurities and toxic substances that have lead to some horrific consequences for users. Krokodil (Russian for crocodile) is named after one of the drugs major side effect, the greenish and scaly appearance of the damaged and rotting skin of users. Take one look at this Huffington Post video report and youll be quickly convinced never to try this drug. If You Dont Want It - Recycled Patents Many illicit street drugs (and even semi-legal ones) have had their origins in legitimate research done by pharmaceutical companies, research that has even resulted in patents being issued. For example, organic chemist John Huffman was the unwitting inventor of a synthetic version of marijuana. A few enterprising individuals read John Huffmans research on synthetic cannabinoids and began manufacturing and selling synthetic marijuana products such as Spice. These products were legal for a short spell of time, however, in most places they are no longer legal. Another popular street drug is MDMA or Molly as it is now called. The original formula for Molly was patented in 1913 by Merck, a German chemical company. Molly was intended to be a diet pill, however, Merck decided against marketing the drug and abandoned it. MDMA was made illegal in 1983, seventy years after it was originally invented. Heroin was once a registered trademark belonging to Bayer, the same folks that invented aspirin. A method of manufacturing heroin from the opium poppy was developed in 1874, as a substitute for morphine, and believe or not was used as a cough suppressant. The mind-bending psychedelic drug LSD was first synthesized on November 16, 1938 by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann while working for Sandoz Laboratories in Switzerland. However, it was a few years before Albert Hofmann realized what he had invented. Until 1914, cocaine was legal and even an ingredient in the soft drink Coca-Cola. The method of manufacturing cocaine from the coca leaf was invented in the 1860s. Lyndon Frederick Small 1897- 1957 A 1931 Time Magazine article discusses the work of Frederick Small Lyndon in relation to the growing opiate epidemic in the United States. ....the Bureau of Social Hygiene gave the National Research Council funds for a study of drug addiction and the invention of a drug which would do for medicine everything which the habit-forming drugs do, yet not cause habit itself. Such a harmless, beneficial drug would make the manufacture of the baneful drugs needless. Then they could be completely suppressed. Council discovered Dr. Lyndon Frederick Small, just returned from two years of study in Europe, at the University of Virginia and financed a special laboratory for him. Out of a coal tar product called phenanthrene he has synthesized several drugs which closely resemble the chemical structure and physiological action of morphine. He sends them to Professor Charles Wallis Edmunds of the University of Michigan who tests them on animals. The two are confident that within perhaps a few months they will have an authentic drug which will not make, as morphine, heroin and opium do, pasty-faced, emaciated, depraved liars, out of its users.

US Historical Analysis on cause of US Civil War Research Paper

US Historical Analysis on cause of US Civil War - Research Paper Example 48 percent believed that the war was primarily on the rights of the state while 38 percent believed that the war was mostly based on slavery. The rest believed both or neither of the causes precipitated the wari (Holden, 2009). Every state within the Confederacy issued an â€Å"Article of Secession,† which declared their withdrawal from the Union. Four states Mississippi, Texas, South Carolina and Georgia all gave supplementary documents which are usually known to as the â€Å"Declaration of Causes† ii(Holden, 2009). These documents clarify the states’ decision to withdraw from the Union. There are two key themes of slavery and the rights of the state that come up in these documents. All of the fours states powerfully defend slavery as they make different claims linked to the rights of the state iii(Loewen, 2011). On slavery, it is believed that the North was not willing to tolerate slavery as a part of the US society structure and that it was the intention of the political power brokers to stop slavery in the entire Union iv(Loewen, 2011). Thus, according to most individuals, slavery is the main issue that explains the causes of the Civil War. Historians often talk on two diverse issues: the underlying causes of Civil War and personal motivations. The convictions that motivated men to put their life in danger for their country are not similar to the policies that thrust the country into war. By historians arguing that slavery resulted to Civil War, they are contending that the presence of â€Å"peculiar institution† made the resolving of political, economic and constitution problems impossible v(Tessa, 2013). However, critics argue that those problems that were under states’ rights were the real causes of the Civil War. There is no reason for not believing the real words of the Southerners about why they went into Civil War against the Union vi(Tewell, 2012). In addition, contrary to the belief of most people, most

Critical appraisal of a nursing quantitative study Essay

Critical appraisal of a nursing quantitative study - Essay Example is critical exposure of the nurse participants their levels of hygiene compliance despite work load and is important I self evaluation for personal competence improvements. The participants could also develop a better understanding of mediator roles of external factors on the nurses’ motivation and ability to comply with standards. This could then inform the nurses for self initiatives to managing the environmental factors towards higher level competence and compliance to hygiene standards and other standards. The major risk that the authors do not identify is possible psychological effects of the nurses knowledge of their lack of compliance because of the potential consequences of the non compliance to quality of delivered services. The authors are also silent on the process of recruiting research participants. There was however informed consent from research participants and administrator of the hospital facility that was used for data collection. Existence of informed consent further suggest voluntary participation by the involved nurses. It is however difficult to report possible approval by the institutional review board because the researchers do not report on it. Meeting minimum requirements for publication, such as ethical principles, however suggest that the authors ensured institutional review board approval besides informed consent and voluntary participation. The major variables are identified, though not explicitely, but are not defined. External factors, interms of work load, is the independent variable while staff compliance with hand hygiene standards is the dependent variable. personal observations and interviews were used for data collection and even though the researchers do not explain their rationale for choice of data collection methods, advantages such as convenience and unlimited access to information suggest the choice (Kothari, 2004). Data collection occurred over a one year period, beginning in June 2007 and ending in May 2008. It was

Print Advertisement Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Print Advertisement Marketing - Assignment Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Introduction Products and services are promoted to the Customers by Advertising (Petley) or in other words it can be defined as methods employed by organizations and companies to spread awareness to the target market about their offerings. (Monle Lee) As the Cooperations and companies managed to gain popularity and make many loyal customers in their localities , to further increase sales and earn more profits they expanded across borders. In doing so they stepped into new markets where they had to attract new customers to their services and products in which they faced a lot of trouble as the entertainment, hobbies, tastes and activities differed vastly (Marieke K. de Mooij) Also more and more products were being targeted for targets markets in these differi ng societies hence the companies started to focus on a more micro level that is the habits and behaviors of their customers rather than the macro knowledge of the society. (Seth) Keeping the globalization process under the focus , companies started to focus on the factor which can be altered and produced in more than one way for different societies. Hence the advertising and promotion efforts were done according to the culture, attitudes and norms of the native market. (Mooij) Hence Gestures, colors, actions, taglines and everything were strictly checked in accordance with the cultures of different societies so that is doesn’t haven’t any negative effect on the image of the company or the sales of the specific product. PRINT AD #1 Analysis: The target audience for this ad is the sporty youth, teenagers and adult – specially the Basketball fanatics. The theme of the ad is very aspiring. It shows the â€Å"will to win† tagline, which drives the viewer of th is ad to buy Nike products so as to engender an inclination in them for success. The ambiance of this ad fits the Nike products and accessories like a glove. The positioning has been very clever done. It doesn’t show anywhere about the product, but it generates an appeal that when you are associated with the Nike brand, you have a feeling of success. The punch line â€Å"You will notice. You will scream. Because you want it to happen† and the main tagline â€Å"Will to win† is the backbone of the print ad apart from the celebrity basket ball player. As soon as the customer reads these lines, they drive a certain impetus in him/her which has a stimulating effect on the reader. The very famous sign of Nike says it all. The victory sign is always there in the Nike ads to support their taglines. Usually in their ad, text insinuating victory and success is being followed by the Nike ad. Language and typeface used in the ad are very clear and comprehensive. The langua ge, as mentioned earlier is very positive and stimulating. The typeface used is also very clear and immediately draws audience attention. All the text, messages and signs are being focused in the centre so as to draw as much attention as possible. However there are some â€Å"white spaces† or areas on the print ad which are left unused. The background of the ad is black which is in complete contrast with the celebrity player’s red shirt. The background has been carefully selected so as to make the celebrity and the text of the taglines more vivid (Pages) The ad has a very positive feeling, in fact

Macro-environment challenges of Tesco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Macro-environment challenges of Tesco - Essay Example Tesco launched the different programs to ensure customer satisfaction, and loyalty. During 2006/07, Tesco: launched their Fruit and Veg Pledge - they offered at least five fresh fruit and vegetable products at half price every week during the whole of the year; extended their range ofwhole foods to include an even wider choice of pulses, beans, dried fruit and nuts, breads, oils, cereal bars, breakfast cereals and cooking oils; posted nutritional signpost labelson 6,600 of their own-brand products, making it easier for customers to understand, and ispractical to use; made organic products more affordable, selling them alongside the standard ranges, on the same shelves, instead of in a separate section; increased a range of Value non-food products to make setting up home cheaper; halved the price of energy-efficient light bulbs making them even more cost-effective than traditional light bulbs over their life-span; offered a range of Healthy Living non-food fitness equipment such as skipping ropes, pedometers, exercise bikes and rowing machines to make keeping fit more affordable. Some of the details employed by Tesco on the aspect of effective communication with the customers: Tesco listens to people - It is the largest private sector employer in the UK with over 260,000 staff. The people make Tesco a success and their feedback is very valuable. Tesco listens to suppliers - it takes a partnership approach and believes that open and constructive relationships with suppliers are key to a strong and sustainable supply chain. Tesco listens to communities - Tesco aims to improve the way they consult local communities before building new stores so that they can be sure that they have understood local issues and concerns. (Tesco website) Scenario planning Tesco's... Tesco’s share data sometime showed that there was a sharp increase in the sales of flowers and wine for one week at the start of the summer.   An analysis of their Clubcard data showed that the majority of customers buying these items were families with school age children.   Parents were buying these products for their children to take to school and give to their teacher at the end of term.   With this conclusion, Tesco people were able to ensure that there was a plentiful supply of flowers and wine in their stores at the end of the school term.   Using external research, they found an opportunity to improve the range.   The research told them of a rapidly growing need for Polish & Eastern European products and their growing number of excellent Polish staff helped confirm their beliefs.   As a result of this, they appointed one of their Polish executives who began by listening to customers and held their first ever Polish ‘Customer Question Time’ (in the Polish language) to find out which kinds of products their customers would like to buy.   After talking to Polish customers, they finalized their product selection then sourced the products from a new supplier.Tesco has implemented the in-store TV network in its stores, which is known as the TESCO TV.   Various programs are shown like news and entertainment, as well as promotional information on both Tesco’s own products and suppliers’ branded products.   The suppliers pay to promote their products on TESCO TV as with any advertising medium.  

DWI (The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business) Essay

DWI (The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business) - Essay Example The telecom service providers(1) would have been able to collect more money and reduce their losses if it would have been possible for them to know that which customer would pay the bills and which customer is going to ditch them. Therefore one of the basic needs of risk management is to study the attitude of the customers. Once the company knows as to how a customer behaves with his billing issue, it would be very clear as to how he would behave further. It has been observed that the telecom providers who use transaction -based risk management are able to focus their attention on the riskiest accounts thus assigning the appropriate treatment to all the calls that is required. An advanced risk management technique has been devised which includes the following features: There should be an analysis of the complete set of data about the customer, the billing and the behavioral data. This will include all details about the calls and also the payment history and the customer service interactions. As regarding the private and public law implications in this situation, it is advisable that first both the terms should be made very clear. The private law is that part of the system of law which includes in it the relationship between the individuals only like the law of contract or tort etc.

Trade relations between India and China from the beginning to 1500 AD Essay

Trade relations between India and China from the beginning to 1500 AD - Essay Example The aim of this research paper is to investigate the history of India-China trade relations from ancient times till sixteenth century. There were several trade centers which served as essential commercial transactions between the two countries. The important trade centers in India were Puskalavati, Taxila, Tamralipti, Kanchi, etc. Puskalavati is considered to be the first gateway of ancient India and was the most significant commercial mart because it contributed actively in commercial transaction between India and China in the first century A.D. During the period of Sakas and Kusanas, trade between India and China was done through Puskalavati. Taxila was the hub of international trade and was essential trade route between India and Central Asia (Shaffer, 123). It also assisted western traders in their trade with China. Chinese merchants used to come to Kanchi through foreign ships to buy pearls, glass, precious stones and other Indian products and exchanged gold and silver. Tamralipti was another important port in Bengal which carried trade links with China (Shaffer, 129). Canton was the essential Chinese city whi ch had established trade links in India. Other important trade links between China and India included Ping-Yang and Kwi-Yang. Trade relations between the two countries existed during the Madagh-Maurya era of fifth and sixth centuries B.C. The Gupta period further proves it. Sixth Century BC indicates the fundamental period in Chinese history because the State of Tsin had introduced important amendments in economic and political fields (Eberhard, 34). This had increased the commercial relationship between India through land routes. During sixth century B.C, India and China took advantage of the trade opportunities that existed. The Indian muslin silk cloth had captured the international market which also helped to popularize the Chinese silk. Great demands for Chinese silk from all over the world came and

DWI (The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business) Essay

DWI (The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business) - Essay Example The telecom service providers(1) would have been able to collect more money and reduce their losses if it would have been possible for them to know that which customer would pay the bills and which customer is going to ditch them. Therefore one of the basic needs of risk management is to study the attitude of the customers. Once the company knows as to how a customer behaves with his billing issue, it would be very clear as to how he would behave further. It has been observed that the telecom providers who use transaction -based risk management are able to focus their attention on the riskiest accounts thus assigning the appropriate treatment to all the calls that is required. An advanced risk management technique has been devised which includes the following features: There should be an analysis of the complete set of data about the customer, the billing and the behavioral data. This will include all details about the calls and also the payment history and the customer service interactions. As regarding the private and public law implications in this situation, it is advisable that first both the terms should be made very clear. The private law is that part of the system of law which includes in it the relationship between the individuals only like the law of contract or tort etc.

Effective Meeting Management in a Team Environment Essay

Effective Meeting Management in a Team Environment - Essay Example In the formal presentation to the team, as the manager, one would present the projected sales volume with corresponding pro-forma expenses that would generate a particular net income for the month. From the solicited feedback and figures of actual sales, the presentation would therefore cover projected versus actual financial status of the new product’s performance for the first three months. Audience Analysis Milestone 2. Audience Analysis The team members are assigned different target markets to represent nearly regions within the vicinity of the organization. They are therefore, geographically dispersed domestically. However, since some areas are specifically identified to be predominantly occupied by distinct racial and ethnic background, the approach of the team member should cater to cultural norms and preferences that would entice the target clients to purchase the new product. The team member identified to focus on customers with diverse cultural orientations must know other languages (particularly spoken by the potential customers) and other preferences that could influence the purchase decision. As such, team members require competencies and qualifications on cultural awareness and diversity consciousness to be more effective in determining customer demand and in evaluating the target markets, as required. Presentation Milestone 3. Informative Presentation (See Attached PowerPoint Presentation) Meeting Agenda Milestone 4. Create a meeting agenda The meeting agenda appears below: FOR : Team Members for the Newly Launched Product FROM : , Product Manager RE : Agenda for Performance Evaluation of Newly Launched Product DATE : July 15, 2012 The following is the agenda for the Performance Evaluation of Newly Launched Product meeting to be held on July 20, 2012 at 3:00 pm. Venue is in the Conference Room. 1. Meeting Presided by Product Manager and disclose purpose of the meeting 2. Presentation of Pro-Forma Financial Statements (projected sales and i ncome for the first three-months (April to June 2012) identified per respective area) 3. Team Members to Report on Actual Performance of Newly Launched Product a. Gregory Smith, Sales Representative to report on Aberdeen (District 13) b. Susan Rodgers, Sales Representative to report on Berkeley (District 9) c. Timothy Brown, Sales Representative to report on Cape May (District 1) d. Nicole Maine to report on Denville (District 25) e. Catherine Frost to report on Lakewood (District 30) 4. Report on Problems and Challenges identified New product did not conform to customers’ expectations Adverse reaction and response from competitors Lack of customer awareness on the new product Lack of supply on target areas 5. Suggestions to Address Weaknesses and Problems Intensify advertisements and promotional campaign Conduct customer satisfaction survey Improve logistics Improve product features Change strategies in the marketing mix 6. Planning of New Strategies Time frame for planning: Week after meeting Implementation: 2nd Week after meeting Monitoring of New Strategies: 4th to 6th months (July to Sept. 2012) Next Performance Evalu

Information systems and globalisation

Information systems and globalisation Task 2 Literature Review â€Å"Information systems and globalisation† The purpose of this literature review is to show how information systems relate to globalization and how different cultures affect the use of information systems. In this literature review, cultural diversity and their concerning issues, organisational behaviour, behaviours of individual at workplace due to globalization and what are the key elements for developing a truly global information systems will be discussed. Globalization affects information systems in a lot of aspects like the use of internet by general public in the world, global e-mail providers like hotmail and yahoo connects the whole world together. Information systems has big role in globalization by influencing different cultures through internet, where big economies and developed countries benefit the most out of this. Globalization has revolutionized internal management. It has also made easier the interaction between countries, regions and continents, thus contributing to profitability. It is the private sectors philosophy that propelled efforts to utilize every means, including information technology, to make companies survive, even the biggest and the most powerful company in the world. Global economic integration is growing rapidly, although the precise implications of this growth are subject to debate. The acceleration of this growth has been facilitated in part by information and communication technologies which are supporting organizations that span national and regional cultures. These cultural differences then become intra-organizational differences. As a consequence, information systems reflecting different cultural assumptions must interact effectively. Beyond the core of Western technical development and diffusion lie a number of economies of growing significance subject to a parallel development, modified by successive inward infusions of technology from the west. In North East Asia a number of economies have been relatively late adopters of many facets of office automation because of a range of cultural differences, not least their use of non-Roman characters. Haywood (1995) outlines the complexity of the development of the western alphabets and Shepard ( 1993), writing from direct experience, sets out the technical complexities of networking in an environment that must move beyond the ASCII standard. The situation is in some ways comparable to the technical handicap suffered by Western Europe before the adoption of Arabic numerals. Littleton and Yamsey (1978) emphasize the role of Arabic numerals in facilitating the emergence of the basis for western accounting practices during the fifteenth century. In conjunction with secular literacy, this technical innovation allowed a range of economic developments such as credit, capital and property rights to find expression in the development of written accounts. In North East Asia computer support for numerical and scientific tasks may have reached levels comparable with the west, but the lack of support for non- Roman text so reduced any advantages over established manual systems that office automation has been selective and partial. Such countries have made extensive and effective use of a subset of office automation technologies such as fax and telephone that do not incorporate the requirement of a specific alphabet. Castells and Hall (1994) argue that the development of the fax was driven by a Japanese desire to promote a technology which did not disadvantage them over western users. The sophisticated bit-mapping technology able to deal with ideographic text has emerged relatively late in the process of global diffusion of desktop computing. This means that these increasingly significant players in the world economy are operating in a technical context and to sets of standards, official and de facto, which have been shaped by outside cul tural assumptions. There is a cultural dimension to the established practice and expectations within organizations which imparts its own dynamic to the process of change and development. Grounded, longitudinal observation offers access to this dynamic (Badham et al. 1995; Glaser and Strauss; 1967), however, a complex issue has been further confused by the variety of ways in which culture has been formulated by different writers on organizations. One conception of organizational culture has been used to explain the relative success of individual organizations and entrepreneurs (Peters and Waterman, 1982). Other writers refer to culture in terms of national differences in social and economic organization. Latin, Anglo-Saxon and traditional cultures are reflected in distinctive organizational types identified in studies examined by Lammers and Hickson (1979). Turner (1971) describes industrial subcultures which can be identified across individual organizations, and are distinctive from the larger society. Eldridge and Crombie (1974) define organizational culture as characteristic for individual organizations while Strauss et al. (1973) describe a range of cultures within a single organization. Thompson (1967) utilized the concept of an organizational constituency capable of entering into coalition with other constituencies in order to promote its interest. Such a conception allows the formal elements of an organization to be related to the informal communication and negotiation which often modifies, or in extreme cases frustrates, the intentions of management. It also allows consideration of intra-organizational variations in culture, arising from these differences of interest and experience. The rapid growth in desk-top and end user computing during the 1980s brought about a number of profound changes in the character of organizational i nformation systems. The dramatic reduction of cost and consequently wider availability of computing resources led to a process of commoditisation, initially of the hardware platforms courtesy of the open architecture of the de facto IBM standard clone, then of the operating systems and increasingly of the basic components of business software. Hu (1992) presents several criteria by which we can judge the nationality of the global organizations. According to him truly global organizations are still to emerge and the geographical location and scope of organizations still favours the country of origin, however several prominent organizations might be known as bi-national. Hu suggests that organizations based in relatively small economic countries might locate more of their resources externally, although, management and control is likely to indicate which are the origin locations of the organizations. With some exceptions, the majority of employment is in the home country, and foreigners are not likely to be represented by the organizations. Nobes and Parker (1985) presents a number of taxonomies of different techniques in accounting practice across the globe, which relate zones of influence both to the development of modern accounting in Scotland and England, its spread over other Anglophone cultures and the effect of alternative models on the emergence of spheres of influence. This degree of institutional changes suggests that regional differences in practices will continue to let go technical internal operations for some time to come. Burris (1993) plots the emergence of a technocratic frame in Western development from the enlightenment through the industrial revolution to Taylorist scientific management to Veblens â€Å"soviet of technicians†. She argues that the technocratic rationality is the dominant paradigm for workplace organization, polarizing the internal labour market and favouring abstract diagnostic and technical activities. This paradigm carries with it a range of implicit cultural assumptions, which imply that the global diffusion of western technology is a substantively rational and inevitable process. The technocratic perspective sees cultural variation as either irrational or insignificant and not as a resource. Technocracy is gender and culture blind and incapable of acknowledging cultural differences, understanding of which is critical to smooth inter-operability. Instead a technocratic perspective sees a smooth migration of older techniques to less industrialized countries, while the cor e economies refine advanced technologies. There is already considerable evidence against such a simplistic view and Burris suggests that Reich (1992) demonstrates a better recognition of global implications for core economies, although still exhibiting a bias towards the expert sector. This bias allows optimistic interpretations of the impact of technologies by focusing on the beneficiaries within the workforce, rather than the affected workforce as a whole. IT has played a significant role in the economic and social processes of globalisation. Technology does not determine social and organizational change. The spread of ICT around the world does not result in universal patterns of organizational structure and activities. The World Wide Web is only a few years old and has witnessed explosive growth in terms of the number of people connected and the amount of information available on it. It is now possible to make available an enormous amount of information to anyone with access to the Net and, increasingly, to carry out a variety of transactions from filling in and sending forms to ordering and paying for goods and services on-line. We need to harness the potential of the technologies available. But it is not simply a matter of creating web-based content: the content has to be useful, it must be easy to access and updated regularly. We also need to take special care to ensure that use of IT does not create a new class of haves and have n ots. While, on the one hand, we increase the use of computers, we must also ensure that they are accessible and functional in the rural or remoter areas. This is extremely important because the technology makes it possible for a person in the remotest of areas to have access to the same information base on the internet as someone located at the heart of the most developed cities. However, if the rural communications and networking infrastructure as well as ‘information booths are not put in place, the technology is of no use to the people living in those areas. Internet and intranets are the important trends in new technology. The recent advantages in information technology have opened up opportunities to provide basic government services to a much broader segment of the population with optimal quality at the desired time, place and cost. Some of the state governments have taken initiative to develop â€Å"one-stop shops† to deliver a host of services to the citizens, Technology is not culturally neutral but it is developed in a cultural context and in the case of information rich countries, IT applications carry that cultural context within their designs. Applications of culturally developed systems, such as office and management systems assume the users compliance with the design culture, but this inevitably leads to cultural clashes when the systems are applied outside the design context. The idea that Information Technology (IT) can be an enabling force, not only for business and trade but also for government, has now been widely accepted. However, a cursory glance at the existing initiatives in developing countries seems to suggest a mixed picture. With the exception of several worthwhile utilization of IT in particular sectors, IT applications seem to have had no remarkable effect on the manner in which citizens benefit from the services of the government. Against this backdrop, the efforts of the developing countries to harness Information Technology seem like a major initiative to deliver an improved administration. Todays trade is highly dependent on Information Systems. Information is the most globalized of goods services. There is a low cost to transport information. Information work is readily traded. A global information system supports the operations and decision making of an enterprises multi-country strategy. A global information system supports the operations and decision making of a person over space and time. It amplifes attenuates information exchanges to free up conscious attention References: Haywood, T. (1995), Info-Rich Info-Poor: Access and Exchange in the Global Information Society, Bowker-Saur, London. Shepard, J. (1993), â€Å"Islands in the (data)stream: language, character codes, and electronic isolation in Japan†, in Harasim, L.M., Global Networks: Computers and International Communication, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Littleton, A.C. and Yamsey, B.S (1978), Studies in the History of Accounting, Arno Press, New York, NY. Castells, M. and Hall, P. (1994), Technopoles of the World: The Making of 21st Century Industrial Complexes, Routledge, London. Badham, R., Couchman, P. and Little, S. (1995), â€Å"Getting smart: developing an action research approach to the integrated management of technical and organizational innovation†, Journal of Human Systems Management, Vol. 14 No. 1. Peters, T.J. and Waterman, R.H. Jr (1982), In Search of Excellence, Warner, New York, NY. Lammers, C.J. and Hickson, D.J. (1979), â€Å"A cross-national and cross-institutional typology of organizations†, in Lammers, C.J. and Hickson, D.J. (Eds), Organizations Alike and Unlike: International and Inter-institutional Studies in the Sociology of Organizations, Routledge Kegan Paul, London. Turner, G. (1971), Exploring the Industrial Subculture, Macmillan, London. Eldridge, J.E.T. and Crombie, A.D. (1974), A Sociology of Organizations, Allen Unwin, London. Glaser, B. and Strauss, A.L. (1967), The Discovery of Grounded Theory, Aldine, Chicago, IL. Thompson, J.D. (1967), Organizations in Action, McGraw-Hill, NJ. Percy-Smith, Janie (1996), Downloading Democracy? Information and Communication Technologies in Local Politics. Policy and Politics 24 (1): 43-56. Perry, James L. and Kenneth L. Kraemer (1993), The Implications of Changing Technology. In Frank J. Thompson, ed. Revitalizing State and Local Public Service: Strengthening Performance, Accountability and Citizen Confidence. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass: 225-245. Mankin, Don, Cohen, Susan G., and Tora K. Bikson (1996), Teams and Technology: Fulfilling the Promise of the New Organization. Boston: Harvard Business School.

The Meaning of What Are Years? by Marianne Moore :: Poems, Poetry Analysis

In the poem â€Å"What Are Years?†, Moore clearly expresses her perception of life. Moore states that no one can truly understand the nature of their guilt or innocence. Everyone is â€Å"naked† to the dangers of existence. Moore defines courage as â€Å"resolute doubt,† having the ability, or the the "strength of spirit", to keep going even when defeated. To be strong, one must accept their own mortality. One must accept the reality of death and yet keep fighting to live. Although we are all imprisoned in a world of mortality, we must fight every day to give meaning to our life. We must live as if we were never going to die! Moore begins the last stanza with an ambiguous â€Å"So†. Although one has a heightened awareness of mortality, one â€Å"behaves,† one keeps the ego disciplined. This is the same concept as that of the caged bird who, though held captive in a cruelly small space, continues to sing with all his heart. Despite the bird's lack of â€Å"satisfaction† because of his loss of flight and freedom, he knows â€Å"joy†.

Relationship between Sublime and Magical Realism Explored in The Monkey

Relationship between Sublime and Magical Realism Explored in The Monkey      Ã‚   From the beginning of The Monkey, a short story located within Isak Dinesen's anthology Seven Gothic Tales, the reader is taken back to a â€Å"storytime† world he or she may remember from childhood. Dinesen's 1934 example of what has been identified as the "Gothic Sublime" sets the stage for analysis of its relationship to other types of literature. What constitutes Sublime literature? More importantly, how may sublime literature relate to Magical Realist literature? Through examination of The Monkey, the relationship between Sublime literature and Magical Realist literature can be defined.    Scholars have traced the history of Sublime literature back to the third century literary critic Longinus. In his work Peri Hypsos, he lays the groundwork for the Sublime literature that still exists today. "Sublimity is always an eminence and excellence in language" (qtd. in Arensberg 3). "Excellence and eminence" are conveyed through rhetorical devices found in the text. Many of these devices are also found in works identified as Magical Realist works of literature.    Longinus' characteristics are evidenced throughout The Monkey. One such characteristic is the use of elevated language to describe a scene or action:    The Prioress received her nephew within her lofty parlor. Its three tall windows looked out, between heavy curtains which had on them borders of flower garlands done in cross-stich, over the lawns and avenues of the autumnal garden. From the damask-clad walls her long-departed father and mother gazed down, out of broad gilt frames, with military gravity and youthful grace, powered and laced for some gr... ...ic realms cannot merge.    For these reasons, based on the examination of these two works, one cannot assume that Sublime literature and Magical Realist literature are the same, nor can one assume that they are genres of one another. They seem to have many characteristics in common, and therefore one would assume that they maintain a close relationship, although independently. By comparing and contrasting another genre of literature with Magical Realism, the defining boundaries that make up Magical Realism are narrowed.    Works Cited Arensberg, Mary. The American Sublime. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986. Dinesen, Isak. Seven Gothic Tales. New York: Harrison Smith and Robert Haas Inc., 1934. Esquivel, Laura. Like Water for Chocolate. New York: Doubleday, 1992. Longinus. On the Sublime. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1995.    Relationship between Sublime and Magical Realism Explored in The Monkey Relationship between Sublime and Magical Realism Explored in The Monkey      Ã‚   From the beginning of The Monkey, a short story located within Isak Dinesen's anthology Seven Gothic Tales, the reader is taken back to a â€Å"storytime† world he or she may remember from childhood. Dinesen's 1934 example of what has been identified as the "Gothic Sublime" sets the stage for analysis of its relationship to other types of literature. What constitutes Sublime literature? More importantly, how may sublime literature relate to Magical Realist literature? Through examination of The Monkey, the relationship between Sublime literature and Magical Realist literature can be defined.    Scholars have traced the history of Sublime literature back to the third century literary critic Longinus. In his work Peri Hypsos, he lays the groundwork for the Sublime literature that still exists today. "Sublimity is always an eminence and excellence in language" (qtd. in Arensberg 3). "Excellence and eminence" are conveyed through rhetorical devices found in the text. Many of these devices are also found in works identified as Magical Realist works of literature.    Longinus' characteristics are evidenced throughout The Monkey. One such characteristic is the use of elevated language to describe a scene or action:    The Prioress received her nephew within her lofty parlor. Its three tall windows looked out, between heavy curtains which had on them borders of flower garlands done in cross-stich, over the lawns and avenues of the autumnal garden. From the damask-clad walls her long-departed father and mother gazed down, out of broad gilt frames, with military gravity and youthful grace, powered and laced for some gr... ...ic realms cannot merge.    For these reasons, based on the examination of these two works, one cannot assume that Sublime literature and Magical Realist literature are the same, nor can one assume that they are genres of one another. They seem to have many characteristics in common, and therefore one would assume that they maintain a close relationship, although independently. By comparing and contrasting another genre of literature with Magical Realism, the defining boundaries that make up Magical Realism are narrowed.    Works Cited Arensberg, Mary. The American Sublime. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986. Dinesen, Isak. Seven Gothic Tales. New York: Harrison Smith and Robert Haas Inc., 1934. Esquivel, Laura. Like Water for Chocolate. New York: Doubleday, 1992. Longinus. On the Sublime. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1995.